The Controversy of Head Start Essay Example

The Controversy of Head Start Essay Ever since the creation and implementation of the Head Start program in 1965, there has always been controversy over the programs effectiveness. Much of the controversy stems over the self-reporting of evidence that the National Head Start Association provides, both to the government and to the public, along with the actual impact Head Start has on the children that participate in this controversial program. One thing is certain about the Head Start program and that is that there will always be a clear division between its supporters and opponents. The main goal of the Head Start program is to provide poor underprivileged pre-school aged children essentially with a head start in education. Supporters of Head Start believe that by providing these services these poor underprivileged children would better adapt to the school system and later become successful as adults. Head Start is not just about providing educational services; the program also focuses on providing both mental and physical health check-ups and nutritious meals to the enrolled students. Head Start cannot be described merely as a pre-school program. Head Start actually plays the role of a comprehensive support group for poor underprivileged children and their families. This federally funded program feels the noose tightening because of plans to let individual states opt in with their own state-run head start-like programs. Supporters of Head Start believe that by allowing this a majority of funding that the federal government provides will be diverted from Head Start to build up new state-run programs. We will write a custom essay sample on The Controversy of Head Start specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Controversy of Head Start specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Controversy of Head Start specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Proponents of Head Start view this as a threat to the health of Head Start programs around the nation. These individuals believe that by diverting funds from a proven program to unproven programs will leave, many if not all, eligible children in the lurch. The Head Start controversy is similar in many ways to the Social Security dilemma. Do we take what we have right now and provide it to everyone without worrying about the future or do we invest in a proven program for the betterment of the future? This is only one of many questions that lawmakers must carefully weigh before committing to a course of action that could shut the Head Start program down for good. Every program, either federal or state, has its opponents and the Head Start program is no exception. Opponents of Head Start believe that the information and data provided regarding Head Start is skewed and biased. The claim that Head Start programs benefit children right now and will later benefit as adults is unsubstantiated. Still others believe that Head Start is a bleeding ulcer with no chance of recovery and rather than blood is losing billions of dollars every year. Rather than leaving the running of Head Start in the hands of individual program administrators, state legislators want more control through the form of state-direct funding. This causes a problem for Head Start because previous data concerning grants for various other programs show that abandonment by the federal government of direct involvement of a program leads to the eventual erosion of funding. This can be caused by state legislators cutting or diverting funding to other programs or even the total closure of a program in order to balance state budgets. No matter what the outcome is over the controversy of Head Start, there will be one clear loser and that is the children that would have benefited from the wide range of services provided by Head Start. Conversely, state budgetary concerns should also be taken into consideration because of the potential impact tax increases and budget cutbacks would have on residents of individual states. All in all it would not be wise to quickly bring about the demise of a proven early childhood program by transforming it from head start to dead end.

Area 51 essays

Area 51 essays Groom Lake, Dreamland, and Area 51 are all names describing different portions of a top-secret military base securely hidden in central Nevada. When the name Area 51 is spoken, extraterrestrial life, atomic bombs, and stealthy aircraft are all things that come to mind. The real question is what goes on at Area 51? There are many rumors and speculations about what goes on there, but nobody really knows for sure. Area 51 was built to the south of a dry lakebed named Groom. The landmass of Area 51 takes up an area of sixty square miles. Nellis is an Air Force Base near Las Vegas, Nevada. The restricted part of the Range totals three million acres. To give you an idea of how big it is, it's slightly smaller than the state of Connecticut, but larger than Lebanon. Nellis Air Force Base comprises more than a third of the whole Military Operating Area, and as a total, the Nellis Range is eight million acres and is larger than both the country of Belgium and the state of Maryland (UFO Mind.) Driving along Highway 375 in central Nevada, the desert landscape stretches out as far as the eye can see. This is the typical American West, consisting of wide-open harsh conditions, where only the most rugged can survive. There are no cities here. Towns, if you can call them that, are few and far between. The only sounds that disturb this serene wilderness are coyotes, rattle snakes, and jet aircraft flying overhead. This region is one of the least densely populated in the United States. It has the largest military range in the US, and is close enough to a major city to commute workers to and from its location by air. For these reasons, Area 51s location was chosen. There was one location that one could get a good view of the military base. This is called Freedom Ridge, approximately 12 miles from the core of Area 51 (Area 51 Research Center.) Many people used to drive to Freedom Ridge...

The Scientific Basis for Defining Seasons

The Scientific Basis for Defining Seasons Contrary to common belief, modern meteorology recognized that the beginning of any season is the day on which the sun passes over particular latitude rather than how cold or warm the following will be. Hashtag: #FirstDayOfFall Ancient and Modern Meteorology Meteorological phenomena such as storms, lightning, and thunder are often considered dangerous and frightening for many people. The ability to predict their occurrence in the past was valued in many cultures. In fact, there is a large body of literature that spans the ancient period dedicated to the prediction and explanation of meteorological and astronomical events including animal behavior.   The division of the year into seasons enables the ancient culture to select the proper time plowing, sowing, reaping, and harvesting, making voyages with ships, prepare and protect themselves for against the natural severity of the seasons. CAN SCIENCE GO TOO FAR? However, ancient meteorology was largely based on past experience or preservation of the events of past weather and their sequence, speculations on the relation between events and proximate causes, philosophy, appeal to the deities, and belief in personal weather-control and magic.   The practice was only changed in the mid 19th century when a collection of facts has been operated by electric–telegraph and now radiotelegraphy.   Although recording observation and discussing them from a philosophical point of view still remains to this day, meteorologist today have a multitude of facts and records to base their forecast and in creating a weather map. Weather and Seasons Weather maps are important tools for developing and explaining weather forecasts. They vary in scope as there are national, continental, and global weather maps. Surface weather maps commonly contain identified fronts; high and low-pressure areas and temperatures, wind strength and air pressure and often used to provide information on the present weather condition.   Forecast weather maps, as the name suggests, are computer generated maps to predict changes in the weather.   Meteorologist also developed short-term (18-36 hours) and long-term (5 days) maps that are updated daily. However, since weather condition is rapidly changing, the weather forecast may not always be accurate and mere honest guesses of the weather condition for a certain period of time. The above surface map illustrates four different fronts – cold, warm, stationary, and occluded.   Note that these fronts separate different air masses and associated with lower pressure. A meteorologist using this map will likely forecast that weather along the stationary front (points A and B) will be clear to partly cloudy. The weather condition in the cold front (points B to C) will be cold, rainy in green-shaded areas, and snowy in the white shaded areas. Contrary to common belief, modern meteorology recognized that the beginning of any season is the day on which the sun passes over particular latitude rather than how cold or warm the following will be.   For instance, the first day of summer in the Northern Hemisphere is June 21 or when the sun is at its highest position in the noonday sky or 23  ½ degrees north (N) latitude. Each day past June 21, the noon sun is slightly lower in the sky as 12 hours or more of daylight in the Northern Hemisphere begins to shorten. COMPUTER SCIENCE DIPLOMA THESIS By September 22, the sun is directly above the equator and the astronomical beginning of fall officially begins in the Northern Hemisphere.   Three months after the autumnal equinox, the sun on December 21, is further away from the tilted Northern Hemisphere where days are shorter and nights are longer.   On this day, the sun shines directly above latitude 23  ½ degrees S (Tropic of Capricorn) or the first day of winter in the Northern Hemisphere. The first day of spring occurs around March 20 or when the sun crosses the equator and moving northward.

Human Rights in Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Rights in Politics - Essay Example An obsessive fear for national security and fear about infiltration of the Government, lead to the intensified scrutiny of CPUSA and other radical political groups. In 1947 President, Harry Truman was instrumental in ushering in a law that permitted authorities to investigate and prosecute federal employees found to be disloyal to the Government. In 1949, 11 top leaders of the CPUSA were convicted under Alien Registration Act (South Act of 1940.), which made it illegal to advocate the violent overthrow of the American Government. In 1950 the Internal Security Act, was promulgated. This act required the registration of communist and communist front organizations. From 1950 to 1954 senator Joseph Mc McCarthy of Wisconsin used congressional investigations to persecute communists. This assumed the proportions of the Salem Witch Craft Trials and grave travesties of justice took place. Even Charlie Chaplin was not spared in this attack on those suspected to be either communists or communis t supporters. This had the effect of producing a drastic reduction in the number of members in the CPUSA. (Microsoft Corporation Encarta Encyclopaedia , Communism. Timothy. J Colton.). On the 11th of September 2001, a most dastardly attack was conducted on the innocent civilians of the USA by Al Qaeda terrorists under the demoniac guidance of their fiendish leader Osama Bin Laden.

A concise report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

A concise report - Case Study Example Inasmuch as there seems to be so many opportunities in companies going global, businesses are expected to ensure that they develop effective business strategies and approaches that can enable them to keep pace with the great competition at this stage. In this regard, success in marketing seems to be among the best strategies that businesses operating globally can use as their competitive advantage. In deciding on the marketing approach, it is important that businesses understand the characteristics of the markets in which they are reaching in order to devise strategies that can appeal to the people in that market. With effective marketing, businesses can easily get their goods in shelves in wholesale and retail stores, which is necessary in order for them to be successful. Marketing strategies are not homogeneous, what may have been successful in the domestic market may not prove to be successful in the global market as well, which underpins the need for effective research and understanding of the global market before launching in the new market. This paper examines the different marketing approaches used by companies going global, focusing on the effectiveness of the relationship marketing approach as opposed to traditional/transactional approach in the global markets. The term â€Å"global marketing environment† is sometimes very complex to describe or explain since it encompasses various issues in the global business environment that are never constant, always changing. In order to have the best approach towards understanding what entails the global marketing environment, it is important that one examines some of the current literature and changes in the business environment. In the modern business world, the changing behavior and buying patterns of customers as the proliferation of many and new marketing channels have set up many new issues in the business environment

The treaty of Versailles Essay Example for Free

The treaty of Versailles Essay The first dispute occurred in January 1919. A meeting was held at Versailles in France by the leaders of each country as to decide how to punish the Germans. The leaders who attended the meeting were Lloyd George, prime minister of England, Georges Clemenceau, prime minister of France, and Woodrow Wilson, president of America. They were also known as The Big Three However they disagreed with each others ideas. They each wanted something, which benefits themselves. Firstly, as the French were probably one of the worst victims of WWI. The prime minister of France wanted the German to be deeply punished. A request to have Germany demilitarized from the border of Germany to France and a restriction which Germans could only have 100000 men on their army. Also they wanted the Germany to pay all the reparations coursed during WWI. As well, he believed that Germany should be blamed for everything of what happened in WWI. Secondly, the British Prime Minister Lloyd George had different opinions to Clemenceaus points. The main reason was because England got everything they wanted from the war. First the German military got destabilized. Second, the German naval threat was gone and the British colonies arent threatened anymore. Englands punishments for Britain arent as harsh as the French. A restriction on Germans army and pay a large amount for reparation was all they wanted. This was mainly due to the fact that Germany was one of their big trading partners. If Germany was bankrupt, England wont benefit at all. Lloyd George declared if the treaty listened to Clemenceau, Germans would revenge in 25 years. Thirdly, the Americans had a total different idea. Woodrow Wilson believed that the factors, which caused WWI, werent all because of Germany. France and England should also be blamed for the cause of the war. Wilson considered that the Europeans diplomatic was too self-determined, they ignores the publics wishes or opinions. He also believed that the problems could only be solved if there is the relations between the countries were improved and a new self determined diplomatic government was being could be created through all the European countries. In conclusions, the main courses of the conflict during the The Big Three meeting were: firstly, the diplomatic relationships between the three countries, where the Americans hated the British, England and France also hated each other, they were only uniting before cause had to face a tough enemy. Secondly, the French wanted Germans to pay for more than what they caused, where England just wanted Germany to pay for a certain amount since they got exactly what wanted. Thirdly America had a totally different opinion to both of the other countries in the treaty, which was probably the major cause of the conflict.

Autoparasitoid Wasps Essay -- Biology Encarsia Pergandiella Parasite

A parasite lives in a close relationship with another organism, its host, and causes it harm. The parasite is dependent on its host for its life functions. For example, viruses are common parasites. The parasite has to be in its host to live, grow, and multiply. Parasites rarely kill their hosts. A common, well-known type of a parasite is a hookworm. It is possible for humans or their pets to get them. Hookworms attach themselves in the lining of the small intestine, and cause diseases, and malnutrition as well, as they eat the nutrients and keep them from going to the host. Here, we'll be talking about a different type of parasite, called a parasitoid. The parasitoid Encarsia pergandiella is a tiny wasp that lays its eggs in developing whiteflies. The wasp larva eventually kills the whitefly, and then emerges as free-living adults. This is why it is said that the wasps are parasitic. If you have ever seen Aliens, the developing aliens are parasitoids. Parasitods are different from normal parasites because they kill their hosts when they develop. Encarsia pergandiella develops in a strange way. Unlike most parasitoid species, they are autoparasitoids. This means females develop on whitefly immatures and males develop on immature parasitoids. This means males are parasitoids of other parasitoids, including females of their own species! The fertilization process is a female decision. The female stores the male sperm for later fertilization of eggs. All bees and wasps, including parasitoid wasps are haplodiploid. This means not all eggs have to be fertilized to develop. Unfertilized eggs become males, which are haploid. Fertilized eggs become female, and are diploid. In autopara... ...romosome carried by the males was killing the whole male set of chromosomes, leaving only one set of female chromosomes along with this extra chromosome, which becomes a male haploid wasp. This PSR chromosome is also called a supernumerary chromosome in the nuclei. In the study of Encarsia pergandiella, male wasps were also found to come from fertilized eggs that had been placed on the whitefly host and it was found that, similar to N. vitripennis, the entire paternal set of chromosomes was being lost. It was thought that perhaps an extra chromosome, such as the PSR chromosome, was also being carried in them. However, after further study a supernumerary chromosome was not found. The casue of genome loss in E. pergandiella is still a mystery. Perhaps the male set of chromosomes were being killed by another source, such as a virus or transposable element.

Early childhood education Essay

Describe potential negative effects of this curriculum and how it is developmentally inappropriate to literacy development. Sixty semester hours (or 90 quarter hours) of credits from an accredited college or university with six semester or nine quarter hours in courses related directly to child care and/or child development, from birth to age six; or One year (1560 clock hours) of child development experience in a nursery school, kindergarten, or licensed day care center and 30 semester hours (or 45 quarter hours) of credits from an accredited college or university with six semester or nine quarter hours in courses related directly to child care and/or child development, from birth to age six; orI will provide for you a comprehensive description of an individual who is trustworthy, ambitious and complease discuss specific values and beliefs of the teaching philosophy/http://www. scholastic. com/teachers/teaching-ideas/sharon-taylorI will provide for you a comprehensive description of an Eat in kitchen, plenty of closet space. Laundry in the building. Good schools in the area. Shopping nearby. Available now. Please call 847-991-5625 to schedule a showing. $800/month. One month security deposit required. This is a spacious, clean, and newly painted with new carpet apartment. This apartment has two bedrooms, 1 bath, separate dining room and balcony. The rent is $800 and laundry is also within the building. Please call (847)884-0544 for more information. This apartment is available as of right now. This is a spacious, clean, and newly painted with new carpet apartment. This apartment has two bedrooms, 1 bath, separate dining room and balcony. The rent is $800 and laundry is also within the building. Please call (847)884-0544 for more information. This apartment is available as of right now. This is a spacious, clean, and newly painted with new carpet apartment. This apartment has two bedrooms, 1 bath, separate dining room and balcony. The rent is $800 and laundry is also within the building. Please call (847)884-0544 for more information. This apartment is available as of right now. This is a spacious, clean, and newly painted with new carpet apartment. This apartment has two bedrooms, 1 bath, separate dining room and balcony. The rent is $800 and laundry is also within the building. Please call (847)884-0544 for more information. This apartment is available as of right now. This is a spacious, clean, and newly painted with new carpet apartment. This apartment has two bedrooms, 1 bath, separate dining room and balcony. The rent is $800 and laundry is also within the building. Please call (847)884-0544 for more information. This apartment is available as of right now. Large 2 bedroom, 1 bath apartment near Lake Cook Road and 53 expressway. Eat in kitchen, plenty of closet space. Laundry in the building. Good schools in the area. Shopping nearby. Available now. Please call 847-991-5625 to schedule a showing. $800/month. One month security deposit required. Large 2 bedroom, 1 bath apartment near Lake Cook Road and 53 expressway. Eat in kitchen, plenty of closet space. Laundry in the building. Good schools in the area. Shopping nearby. Available now. Please call 847-991-5625 to schedule a showing. $800/month. One month security deposit required. Large 2 bedroom, 1 bath apartment near Lake Cook Road and 53 expressway. Eat in kitchen, plenty of closet space. Laundry in the building. Good schools in the area. Shopping nearby. Available now. Please call 847-991-5625 to schedule a showing. $800/month. One month security deposit required. Describe potential negative effects of this curriculum and how it is developmentally inappropriate to literacy development. Sixty semester hours (or 90 quarter hours) of credits from an accredited college or university with six semester or nine quarter hours in courses related directly to child care and/or child development, from birth to age six; or One year (1560 clock hours) of child development experience in a nursery school, kindergarten, or licensed day care center and 30 semester hours (or 45 quarter hours). Of credits from an accredited college or university with six semester or nine quarter hours in courses related directly to child care and/or child development, from birth to age six; orSixty semester hours (or 90 quarter hours) of credits from an accredited college or university with six semester or nine quarter hours in courses related directly to child care and/or child development, from birth to age six;

A Business Case for an ISO 14001 Certification Essay

A Business Case for an ISO 14001 Certification A Final Project Presented to the Faculty of the School of Business In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in Business Administration By Abstract of Thesis A Business Case for an ISO 14001 Certification By Problem In response to the raising awareness of damage to the environment, a series of standards for environmental management systems called The ISO 14000 was introduced in 1996. It provides guidelines on the ingredients that an environmental management should necessarily posses and also on the supporting technologies. These standards were not so specific as regards to how it should be done rather it more emphasizes on what should be done. ISO 14000 is an environmental management standards designed to guarantee products and services to cover the minimum environmental impact. The ISO 14000 series takes the international standards system to the field of environmental concerns. ISO 14001 focuses on the development and maintenance of an Environmental Management System, within the ISO 14000 series. The ISO 14000 series is of relatively recent origin, having been instituted in 1991. However, it has emerged as a significant force within a short time. The ISO 14000 series is relevant for the world of business, for governments and regulators, for organizations that work not-for-profit and for entities of all types and sizes, wherever they may be. Its universal nature makes it a unique and dominant system for all people who are concerned with pollution, waste and about the consumption of resources that are limited and which cannot be renewed. ISO 14000 promotes professional conduct. Training people and involving them in key processes lie at the heart of the ISO 14000 system. The rigors of certification serve to develop human resources. It can serve to motivate people at all levels of the hierarchy, and to foster team spirit. The ISO 14000 system is not limited to altruism and to noble intentions. It is worth hard cash. ISO 14001 puts great pressure to bear on achieving productivity improvements that translate to valuable cost savings. Major international corporations enjoy impressive profit growth through the ISO 14000 series. All ISO certifications carry the benefits of independent and international recognition. ISO extension in to the field of environmental concerns through the 14000 series brings desirable pressure on companies that produce hazardous substances and which generate enormous amounts of waste. Customers everywhere have the choice to insist on ISO 14000 certifications. Companies may find themselves excluded from significant market segments if they continue to ignore or to avoid ISO 14000. Some organizations may find themselves out of business if they do not secure ISO 14000 certification. Apple leads a galaxy of the world’s most respected enterprises in using ISO 14001 certification as a cornerstone of competitive strategy. Lithium ion battery technology is an example of innovation that a commitment to environmental conservation can present. Solutions inspired by ISO 14001 can have welcome economic benefits, apart from noble achievements in terms of environmental conservation. Reduction in energy consumption is an outstanding example, since power generation can be both expensive as well as polluting. ISO 14000 calls for abiding commitment on the part of all entities that seek certification. The system consumes major portions of employee time. ISO 14000 becomes a major element of cost, though it does produce handsome returns. The ISO 14000 series follows a highly structured implementation procedure. There is comprehensive documentation widely available that any organization can use to enter the system. Most organizations find it expedient to use consultants to guide them through the process. Independent auditors are inevitable. External auditors must be knowledgeable, experienced and accredited. ISO 14000 has important weaknesses. Loss of proprietary information is the most serious risk. Certified companies may find that their defenses have been compromised in the event of litigation. This arises from the documentation and management reviews that are integral to ISO 14000. ISO 14000 leaves organizations free to choose their own goals, priorities and standards. It therefore lends itself to potential abuse by organizations that may push important social concerns to the background, or to prevaricate about deleterious aspects of environmental degradation. Some organizations may not be able to fund the investments in time and money that ISO 14000 requires. The benefits may therefore evade small enterprises. ISO 14000 documentation needs can also duplicate documentation that other systems and some regulations require. Training and audit infrastructure is inadequate for widespread and global application of ISO 14000. Some organizations, especially in remote regions can find themselves excluded though they may wish to enlist. ISO 14000 confines itself to the environment. It does not consider issues of human wellness. There are many community concerns that ISO 14000 does not address. It is not a guarantee of ethical performance of an organization on all fronts. Business interests may be served best if companies were to use ISO 14000 for internal review, without going in for certification or even registration. It would then be an effective tool of risk management without opening the firm to unwelcome public scrutiny. As stated ISO 14000 can prove to be a significant undertaking that can task the resources of any size organization, if the task is undertaken correctly and managed well the benefits will outweigh the costs in many ways, from financial to organizational image. Method The Historical/Case study method is used in this thesis. The study consists of real life cases gathered from, various sources. These cases are evaluated for relevance as well as content. Cases used will be from varying sizes and types of organizations, public and private as well as local and international. Further research analysis by overview of the statistical research methods, selection of the sample and descriptive statistics is also used in this thesis as a corroborative evidence to substantiate the findings of this thesis. Conclusion This study has shown that ISO 14000 certification can tax the resources of organizations, but in the majority of cases the end result has proven that the benefits of certification exceed the costs. The study of the data presented has demonstrated that, for most organizations, not implementing ISO 14000 can be much more costly than implementation. Recently several universities, including the University of Michigan, suspended contracts with Coca Cola on campuses (Dump Coke at U of M, 2005). While several reasons are given for the suspension of contacts at the campuses including human rights violations, specifically mentioned is â€Å"Environmental Devastation† in India. Perception is key for business in today’s global economy, being able to prove environmental responsibility as stewardship on the organizations behalf can result in the loss or gain of business. Table of Contents Chapter No Headings Page No Chapter 1 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY AND INTRODUCTION 6 Statement of the Problem 7 Purpose of the Study 10 Scope of the Study 11 Rationale of the Study 12 Definition of Terms 12. Overview of the Study 17 Chapter 2 REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE 2. 1 Introduction 21 2. 2 The Sustainability Imperative for Environmental Management 23 2. 3 Image Incentives for Environmental Management 25 2. 4 The Lines of Business 30 2. 5 Implemental aspects 31 2. 6 ISO 14000 and Global Trends 31 2. 7 ISO 14001 and Profits 34 2. 8 ISO 14001 and Seasonal Business 37 2. 9 ISO 14001 and Building Projects 39 2. 10 ISO 14001 and Equator Principles 40 2. 11 SME Experience with ISO 14001 41 2. 12 Summary of Benefits of Environmental Management Systems 44 2. 13 What is it? 46 2. 14 Environmental Labeling and ISO 14000 50 2. 15 ISO 14001 for International Corporations 53 2. 16 ISO 14001 in Mergers and Acquisitions 58 2. 17 Detailing Product Life Cycles 58 2. 18 Specific Benefits That Business Can Expect From ISO 63 2. 19 ISO 9000 AND ISO 14000 65 Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY Approach 66 Data Gathering Method 67 Data Base of Study 68 Validity of Data 68 Originality and Limitation of Data 69 Summary 70 Chapter 4 DATA ANALYSIS 4. 1 BAXTER INTERNATIONAL INC 71 4. 2 ELI LILLY 72 4. 3 Beyond Compliance by Baxter and Eli Lilly. 74 4. 3. 1 EPA ‘s 33 / 50 program 74. 4. 3. 2 Responsible Care Compliance 75 4. 3. 3 Green Products 75 4. 3. 4 Environment Audits 76 4. 4 An analysis of Environment compliance by Baxter and Lilly. 76 4. 5 Policy Dynamics 76 4. 6 Baxter International Inc and Environment Compliance 77 4. 6. 1 Baxter’s Environment Performance –At a glance. 78 4. 6. 2 Green House Gas Emission 80 4. 63 Reduction in Emissions in Carbon Di Oxide 81 4. 6. 4 Baxter Historical Performance as reported in 1997 81 4. 6. 5 Baxter’s Environment Program through year 2010 81 4. 6. 6 Baxter’s Cost Savings due to Environmental initiatives 82 4. 6. 7 Environment Performance Data of Baxter 83 4. 6. 8 Baxter’s Cost Reduction Data’s 84 4. 6. 9 The Toxic Release Inventory and the 33/50 Program by Baxter and Lilly. 85 4. 7 Baxter and Lilly ISO 14000 -Response 86 4. 8 Blue Scope Steel and ISO 14000 86 4. 9 ISO 14000 & Rockwell Automation, Twinsburg –Ohio 87 4. 10 Plasti Color -Ohio 88 4. 11 Xerox Corporation 88 4. 12 IBM 88 4. 13 Carter Holt Harvey Tissue –New Zealand 89 4. 14 3M Corporation 89 4. 15 Case studies of ISO 14001 Companies 91 4. 16 Coca-Cola 95 4. 17 Research Approach Methodological of Sample Collection 98 4. 18 Methods of Resources 98 4. 19 Description of dependent and Independent variables –Table -1 99 4. 20 Table 2- Entity Type 101 4. 21 Table 3 – Categories of NED 102 4. 22 Table 4-Multiple Regression results for test Of H1 through H 4. 103 Chapter 5 SUMMARY , RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSIONS 105 REFERENCES 118 List of Table and Charts Chapter No Headings Page No Chapter 4 4. 6. 1 Baxter’s Environment Performance –At a glance. 78 4. 6. 2 Green House Gas Emission 80 4. 63 Reduction in Emissions in Carbon Di Oxide 81 4. 6. 6 Baxter’s Cost Savings due to Environmental initiatives 82. 4. 6. 7 Environment Performance Data of Baxter 83 4. 6. 8 Baxter’s Cost Reduction Data’s 84 4. 15 Case studies of ISO 14001 Companies 91 4. 19 Description of dependent and Independent variables –Table -1 99 4. 20 Table 2- Entity Type 101 4. 21 Table 3 – Categories of NED 102 4. 22 Table 4-Multiple Regression results for test Of H1 through H 4. 103 A Business Case for an ISO 14001 Certification A Case Study Chapter 1 Importance of the study and Introduction Several industries are trying very hard to change their public image as environmentally â€Å"unfriendly†. The oil industry with its need to seek more sources, often in wilderness areas, chemical companies which have in the past legally dumped toxic waste, the timber industries and the automotive industry which continues to produce large gas guzzling SUV’s and trucks are all very sensitive to public perception. Perception is very powerful and a company does not want to be perceived as harmful to the environment or not environmentally friendly. Frequency of industrial accidents and media publicities such as the publication of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring (1962) highlighted the environmental consequences of unfettered industrialization . Respecting the public concerns; the United States Congress has made several laws stipulating environmental standards and technologies for manufacturing companies. Only after Rio Summit in 1992, the policy makers seem to have acceded the fact that the governmental coercion alone will not bring any success and right incentives must be provided to the industries. In recent years, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has launched voluntary beyond –compliance programs such as Green Lights, Project XL and 33/50. The ISO 14000 certification system can be used as a tool to not just say that are concerned about the environment, but to show what you have been doing, are doing and will be doing to improve your performance. In doing so you should be able to add to your bottom line, both direct and indirect. As more and more of these companies will seek and obtain the ISO 14000 certification and they require suppliers to do so as well. This study seeks to contribute to the on-going debate within some sections of industry about the economics of ISO 14001. It is known that large corporations invest in registrations, often under duress from social activists. But is there money to be gained by following the system? Can there be purely business reasons for seeking ISO 14001 certification? Can smaller enterprises participate? These are some of the questions that this study seeks to answer. Statement of the Problem The problem; organizations have a need to show environmental stewardship but what is the cost of doing so and how so they justify the cost to management and/or shareholders. Today companies and organizations face many financial challenges and to survive in the global economy they must be fiscally responsible. There is also a need to be considered environmentally responsible and perceived as such. The ISO 14OOO series specifies beyond –compliance management systems . These standards have been sponsored by the International Organization for Standardization, a Geneva -based non governmental organization . ISO 14000 could be viewed as an industrial code of practice that needs to be certified by external auditors. Currently such certification costs about $ 20000 per facility. The cost has acted as a barrier for many financially weak corporations to have the ISO 14000 Certification for their facilities. Recently several universities, including the University of Michigan and New York University, suspended contracts with Coca Cola on campuses (Dump Coke at U of M, 2005). While several reasons are given for the suspension of contacts at the campuses including human rights violations, specifically mentioned is â€Å"Environmental Devastation† in India. Perception is key for business in today’s global economy, being able to prove environmental responsibility and stewardship on the organizations behalf can result in the loss or gain of business. Most companies still have a choice whether to obtain certification or not and the best illustration for this is Baxter International Inc and Eli Lilly , a U. S based multinational Companies , the details are discussed in the Research Analysis chapter in this thesis. However, more and more must obtain certification to maintain their status in the supply chains of other companies. To ensure suppliers are meeting environmental benchmarks, manufacturers such as General Motors Corp, Ford Motor Co, DaimlerChrysler, IBM, Xerox, Honda Corporation, Toyota are requiring suppliers to be ISO 14001 certified. Generating environmentally damaging emissions and waste is often an indication of an un-optimized production process, and manufacturers that implement ISO 14001 requirements can realize improvements in efficiency and profitability — and retain their positions in OEM supply chains†. (Susan Gilbert-Miller n. d). It is very likely that both public and private demand for environmental responsibility will continue to fuel the shift towards certification as proof of doing so. In the global economy today an ISO 14000 certification could become as important, to show a company’s environmental responsibility, as ISO or QS 9000 is to show a commitment to quality. It may become a prerequisite to doing business with some companies and in more industries as it has in the automotive industry. The direct cost of certification can range from a few thousand dollars for a small facility to hundreds of thousands for larger companies and millions for international companies. Presenting the business case for certification will be much easier if the benefits and cost reduction are included as part of the presentation. Purpose of the Study There are a number of excellent consulting services and other resources available at a cost, to help companies through the process of achieving certification. The key is the element of cost. In order to receive funds for consulting services or any other resources, you may have to justify your endeavor financially prior receiving any funding. Even if your company is capable of going through the process without any outside resources there are still direct and indirect costs associated with the process, prior to hiring a certification company to conduct an audit. You will have to buy materials, pull people in full time and part time, audit and update records. Training will be required for employees and management. The purpose is to show that the costs associated with obtaining and maintaining an ISO 14000 certification as part of an Environmental Management System, can be exceeded by the benefits of doing so. The benefits are not just monetary, but also how the company is viewed in the public eye as well, which is increasingly important in today’s global economy. Scope of the Study The majority of the top 100 companies in the United States have already achieved ISO 14000 certification. The same trend exists in the European Union. The research will look at what is driving the movement towards certification. It will also look at what is required to become certified and to maintain that certification. This will be done through case studies of companies that have already achieved certification, how it has affected their companies and in what ways. The main focus being that it makes good business sense, and the justification thereof. The study concentrates on the business and profit reasons for ISO 14000 registrations, with tertiary scans of ethical issues and applicability of not-for-profit organizations. The study includes brief descriptions of all phases of the ISO 14001 process, with outlines of the various sections of the manual that is an integral part of the process. Rationale of the Study While a lot companies have already achieved ISO 14000 certification many more have not. One of the biggest factors in failure to achieve or to get the company to attempt certification, especially in small and medium size companies, is that often the appointed SME (subject matter expert) has little knowledge as to what is required. It is a task that is added to their current â€Å"to do† list and they are not given the proper resources or time to conduct a thorough study as to what needs to be done, the resources it will require and what is most important in some cases, R. O. I. (Return On Investment). This study will help to explain what is required, where to look for information and through case studies show that a positive R. O. I. can be achieved through ISO 14000 certification and the maintenance of the certification. Definition of Terms Climate change: An alteration to measured quantities (e. g. precipitation, temperature, radiation, wind and cloudiness) within the climate system that departs significantly from previous average conditions and is seen to endure, bringing about corresponding changes to ecosystems and socio-economic activity. Associated with greenhouse gas emissions, of which fossil fuel combustion and forest decline are contributors. Code of Federal Regulations: United Stated Code of Regulations, commonly referred to as CFR is a publication established by and Act of Congress. It documents all regulations issued by federal administrative agencies that have â€Å"general applicability and legal effect. † Ecological or Environmental sustainability: This entails maintaining an ecosystem an adjacent ecosystem at the same or higher levels as the ecosystem in question to be able to maintain its productivity, adaptability and capacity for renewal. It requires that forest management respects, and builds on, natural processes. EMAS: Eco-Management and Audit Scheme, In Europe the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) was created and many European countries made implementation of EMAS mandatory for many large manufacturing facilities. EMAS and ISO 14001 are not very different; EMAS has two significant elements more than ISO 14001, namely a baseline environmental assessment and a public environmental performance report. Environmental Aspect: An element of an organization’s activities, products or services that can interact with the environment, whether it be in a positive of negative manner. Environmental Impact: Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization’s activities, products or services. Gap Analysis: One of the initial steps in successful implementation of ISO 14000 is gap analysis. The gap analysis looks at a facility’s written programs, policies, and procedures to see how they compare to the requirements of ISO 14000. Once this analysis is complete a guideline will be established to bring them into compliance to prepare for certification Global Warming: The term Global Warming refers to the observation that the atmosphere near the Earth’s surface is warming, without any implications for the cause or magnitude. This warming is one of many kinds of climate change that the Earth has gone through in the past and will continue to go through in the future. ISO 14000: ISO 14000 is a series of environmental management standards developed and published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for organizations. The ISO 14000 standards provide a guideline or framework for organizations that need to systematize and improve their environmental management efforts. The ISO 14000 standards are not designed to aid the enforcement of environmental laws and do not regulate the environmental activities of organizations. Adherence to these standards is voluntary. The ISO 14001 standard is the most important standard within the ISO 14000 series. ISO 14001 specifies the requirements of an environmental management system (EMS) for small to large organizations. An EMS is a systemic approach to handling environmental issues within an organization. The ISO 14001 standard is based on the Plan-Check-Do-Review-Improve cycle. The Plan cycle deals with the beginning stages of an organization becoming ISO 14001-compliant. The Check cycle deals with checking and correcting errors. The Do cycle is the implementation and operation of the ISO 14001 standard within an organization. The Review cycle is a review of the entire process by the organization’s top management. And the Improve cycle is a cycle that never ends as an organization continually finds ways to improve their EMS. The entire process can take several months to several years depending on the size of the organization. If an organization is already ISO 9000-certified, the implementation of ISO 14001 does not take as long. When an organization is compliant, they can either register with a third-party registrar or self-declare their compliance. The ISO 14001 standard is the only ISO 14000 standard that allows an organization to be registered. ISO 9000: ISO 9000 is a series of standards, developed and published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), that define, establish, and maintain an effective quality assurance system for manufacturing and service industries. The ISO 9000 standard is the most widely known and has perhaps had the most impact of the 13,000 standards published by the ISO. It serves many different industries and organizations as a guide to quality products, service, and management. Kyoto Protocol: It is a pact agreed on by governments at a United Nations Conference in Kyoto, Japan 1997 to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by developed countries by 5. 2 percent of 1990 levels during the five-year period 2008-2012. Eighty-four countries have signed the pact and 40 of have ratified it, according to U. N. data. Only one country, which has an emissions target, Romania, has ratified to date. LCA: Life-Cycle Assessment is a systematic approach used to manage the environmental impacts of products and service systems, and it is applied at several levels. It tracks the entire life cycle of a product from inception to disposal and looks for environmental impact throughout and how that can be reduced. Lean Manufacturing: Lean Manufacturing is an operational strategy oriented toward achieving the shortest possible cycle time by eliminating waste. It is derived from the Toyota Production System and its key thrust is to increase the value-added work by eliminating waste and reducing incidental work. The technique often decreases the time between a customer order and shipment, and it is designed to radically improve profitability, customer satisfaction, throughput time, and employee morale (Lean Manufacturing, n. d). Overview of the Study The study will consider the attributes of ISO 14000 as an Environmental Management System. In this paper the main focus will be to define the quantitative as well as qualitative benefits for employing an EMS, in our case ISO 14000. While ISO 14000 will be the primary focus, other EMS systems will also be discussed as alternatives and for relative comparisons. The procedures for and the costs of implementation will also be looked at as part of the study. In the process case studies will be studied and discussed through the use of Internet searches, relevant case studies and publications as well as personal experience and interviews with others in the field. This study will attempt to provide methods for justification of perusing certification. It will also try to give an overview of the process for obtaining certification from the planning stage, through implementation, certification as well as the follow up and continuous improvement required to maintain certification. The Ethical Rationale for Environmental Management Standards Concern for the environment is one of the hallmarks of social concerns during our times. Awareness has been growing since the last quarter of the 20th century. It has snowballed in to a major force. There are signs that countries and people will become increasingly demanding of all organizations with which to deal, in this respect. Though the first world is more influenced by concern for the environment, developing economies are also dragged in to the vortex of global opinion, as electronic media and desire for market access drive even poorer people to conform to conservation standards. Pollution, use of hazardous substances, non-degradable waste and consumption of limited natural resources are the four principal corners of environmental concerns. Pollution of air and water are most perceptible for lay people, but the effects of landfills can be equally devastating. Pesticides and organic solvents lead a series of chemicals with both acute and chronic effects. Mesothelioma is an example of a consequence of exposure to a hazardous substance, the fatal implications of which can surface after decades. Organochlorine pesticides persist in nature almost indefinitely. People at large have become very concerned about such residues and threats that surround them. Women and children are especially vulnerable. The awareness among the public regarding pollution and hazardous material is of high now-a-days. There was protest in India during January, 2006 against the French government’s decision to send a decommissioned battleship and military air craft carrier† Clemenceau â€Å"allegedly containing toxic wastes to a ship-breaking yard at Alang on the Coast of Gujarat ,in India. Green peace activists claimed the ship was loaded with hundreds of tones of toxic wastes, including 500 tones of asbestos alone and it was a violation of international Basel convention on trade of hazardous materials. Greenpeace activists claimed that â€Å"Clemenceau† is French property containing hazardous waste on ship and can not allowed to dump this hazardous waste in India . Yielding to the pressure , the French Government finally recalled its decision to scrap the ship in India . The concept of supply chains has spurred thoughts about life cycle analysis. Exhaustive labeling requirements have made people more generally aware that an innocuous finished product may involve the use of hazardous substances. Processed foods are common examples of convenience products that may contain harmful ingredients and sources of infection and contamination. This matter also leads to consideration of packaging materials that have been traditionally taken for granted. Consumers are now aware that products made from paper can involve the destruction of forest cover, while plastic has acquired a notorious image for its persistence. This applies to tin and other metals as well. Mercury and other heavy metals in batteries and electronic products are also causes of concern. Clean water has been in acute shortage in many parts of the third world for some time now, but even developed economies have begun to worry about large-scale use of this precious resource, Ground water contamination and depletion of the ozone layer are other matters that engage much popular attention. Large corporations that generate profits are prime targets for pressures to develop environmental management standards. Companies, whose operations transcend national boundaries, have to be especially careful of their environmental footprints. However, government, social service organizations and small business may all affect the environment in serious and indelible ways. Hence it is possible that environmental management programs may become increasingly universal with the passage of time. It may be concluded that there is a strong ethical foundation for environmental concerns. All organizations regardless of their size, nature and location, will be subject to pressures to monitor their environmental impacts, and to find ways of reducing or even eliminating all harmful implications of their transactions. The ethical rationale has a firm linkage with business reasons for ISO 14000 certifications, as there are societal trends that it soon become a pre-requisite for continuing to be in business. Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature 2. 1 Introduction Business survival in today’s global economy is difficult at best. Today business’ look for advantage in every possible area and lean manufacturing programs like Six Sigma with its belts levels to parallel karate, Kaizen, 5S and many others have become not just popular but an integral part of maintaining and doing business. How does an Environmental Management System fit into the â€Å"Lean Culture† of business? That is the question that will be studied in this paper through the review of related literature, case studies, interviews, technical periodicals and Internet sources. An overview of lean manufacturing concepts will be given with the focus on integrating an E. M. S. into a companies existing lean program or as part of the implementation of a lean program. While other Environmental Management Systems will be referenced, I. S. O 14000 case studies and statistics will be used in this study. In the United States and the rest of the world I. S. O. 14000 is a recognized standard for Environmental Management Systems, much the same as ISO 9000 is for quality systems. The literature reviewed in this paper was selected for relevance to either a single topic, Lean Manufacturing, I. S. O. 14000 or the integration of the EMS into the lean manufacturing system and will be reviewed in that order. By the process of lean manufacturing, Toyota, the world greatest manufacturer, consistently makes the highest quality cars with the fewest defects of any competing manufacturer by using fewer man-hours, less on-hand inventory and half the floor space of its competitors.

Catering Industry in India Essays

Catering Industry in India Essays Catering Industry in India Paper Catering Industry in India Paper INTRODUCTION Catering definition This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in providing single events of events catered by establishments in this industry are graduation parties, wedding receptions, business or retirement luncheons, and trade shows. Restaurant or Foodservice definition Organizations in the Food Services and Drinking Places prepare meals, snacks, and beverages to customer order for immediate on-premises and off-premises consumption. Some provide food and drink only; while others provide various combinations of seating space, waiter/waitress services and incidental amenities, such as limited entertainment. The organizations are grouped based on the type and level of services provided. The industry groups are full-service restaurants; limited-service eating places; special food services, such as food service contractors, caterers, and mobile food services; and drinking places. Catering is not only about appealing to the taste buds of the individual but also to all the other five senses of a human being. With the right atmosphere, it is possible to appeal to all of these senses making the occasion unforgettable. Of course, beautifully prepared food can alone do this, but now days, caterers want to reach out to the customers in all possible ways and bowl them over. The venue The menu The decor These are certain areas, which the caterers aim to cover for an all round, win. . Whatever may be the occasion; a bachelor’s party or the annual meeting of a orporate; deeply satisfying the guests are the sole aim. Catering seems pretty straightforward and simple: You cook some food and serve it, right? That is the basic idea, but theres more to it. A whole lot more. Food maybe the most important thing in the catering world, but its only one part of the service. Many catering companies today include full event planning. There has been a change in approach of the companies and while extending their services; other activities are also concentrated upon. Its not that food is no longer a focal point, but rather that it is part of a broader mission. PEST ANALYSIS Political factors ?Price hike in L. P. G: This is going to have a direct effect on catering industry. This increase comes after Govt. realized the shortfall in demand and supply of Butane and Isobutene, constituents of LPG. Hence, prices were increased by Rs. 20. although this quite a substantial increase but caterers are not in the mood to pass it on to consumers. ?Food and Drug administration: Govt. has recommended the formation of FO of India, which has plans to make registration of all caterers mandatory to ascertain a fix standard below which quality of food served will be prohibited. Ban on Plastic bags: a ban on plastic bags means difficulty in carrying/storing/transporting food or food items. As today services like `FREE HOME DELIVERY` have become a part of expected service. Hence any inability to provide these type of services may affect the Caterer’s image. Also it will increase the cost of replacement or finding a better substitute than plastic. ?Servi ce Tax: imposition of indirect taxes is definitely going to affect the industry. As these taxes are not borne by Service Provider but by the consumer who will have to shell out 10. 5% of the bill amount. Also other taxes like Entertainment tax etc. ill increase consumer’s outlay. ?Rise in Fuel prices: increase in Fuel rates will affect caterers who provide mobile services, as it involves transportation of services. And this will directly be proportional to distance traveled. Hence, an increase of Rs. 2-3 per litre seems unfavorable for this industry. But this just seems to be the small picture as prices of Oil tends to rise in international markets, Govt. will not be able to provide a cushion for any further increase. ?Policies of FCI: better known as Food Corporation of India, it is a regulatory authority, which decides a price range for agricultural consumables. But it fixes only on estimates of Demand and supply. Hence any unreasonable increase in produces is restricted and is working in favor of catering industry. Hence Gone are days when onions made people cry by selling at exorbitant prices. ?Govt. should take up initiative of setting up more number of APMC markets. (Agriculture Produce Marketing Centers). The reason for this is that villagers/farmers can directly sell goods in these markets without intermediaries coming in to picture, which obviously decreases the prices of raw materials required in catering industry. According to a study `Vegetables, fruits` etc offered in local market are extrapolated to an extent of 100% of their cost prices. ?Permits, Licenses: as in case of caterers who offer additional services like Liquor etc, certain types of permits are required which are for limited time-periods. Although this is a socially good move but it still hampers the industry as it is said, â€Å"it is not what goes in is bad, but it is what comes out is bad†. In addition, there are other restrictions like time limits (after 11 pm drinks will not be served etc. and with a ban on certain category of bars, it is anticipated some pressure will shift on Catering industry (Hotels etc. ). ?There are also legal/constitutional factors, which have impact on this industry. like The Bombay Hotels and Establishment Act, which states that if any hospitality or catering industry which employing more than 14 persons (inclusive of 2 part timers) will be classified as an establishment and thus will have to offer benefits like Minimum wages etc. ?According to recent UN survey, India ranks 116th in doing business, whereas it Pakistan at 90th and China at 60th positions respectively. Hence forget Shanghai, even Karachi seems to be a distant dream. ?As Catering, outlets require quite a large amount of space, but Govt. focus on Housing sector may affect the caterers in negative way. A recent UN study sad that we need to build 4000 houses per hour or 96,000 houses per day, only then will we be able to provide sound accommodation to our populace. Although this may sound a windfall for caterers but looking at space constraints, it seems impossible. Economical factors: â‚ ¬Consumer Spending has increase tremendously given the explosion of choices available to him. Another factor contributing to the increase in spending is that Cost of living has skyrocketed. Hence, it is not an option but compulsion to spend more even on necessities like food. A recent study indicated that consumers’ spending for food is approximately 20% of their total income in Delhi and 18% in Mumbai. â‚ ¬Tourism also plays an important role. As tourism and Catering go hand in hand. This is because as number of tourists increases it gives rise to variety of menus, which can be restaurants etc. thus giving them an opportunity to encashed upon. Hence, tourism as a sector should given top priority for development of catering industry. Although India ranks amongst top 3 tourists destinations, there is still a great scope of improvement. â‚ ¬With Business cycles running at peak, Sensex violating 8000 mark and inflation rates down to 3. 63%, it is spendthrift’s heaven. What this means is economic stability has a spillover effect on people. It is just like a self-fulfilling prophecy. People think economy seems healthy and they spend money but as it goes the other way, economy prospers as they spend money increasingly. â‚ ¬ The Earning capacity has also taken a quantum leap. For the year 2003-04 the per capita income was around Rs. 5000 ($545) p. a. in urban areas whereas in rural areas it around Rs. 11500 ($255) p. a. whereas per capita income of Pakistan stood at $690 p. a. hence with an increase in income levels people tend to spend more. Note: the earning capacity should not be confused with spending capacity, as they both are different terms. They differ as earning include saving which are not include d in expenditure. â‚ ¬Spurred by the liberalization process, there has been a gradual move away from a supply-constrained economy to a demand-driven one. Moreover, the typical Indian consumers mindset has changed as well. Austerity is no longer considered a virtue, debt is not a taboo any more in a typical middle-class Indian family and with easy availability of cheap Consumer Finance, and there are positive signs of growth for catering industry. â‚ ¬With economy opening up, and catering sector should be encouraged and FDI limit should be increased, as analysts say the limit should be raised to 100% or at least 60% with FEMA restrictions be abolished, so as to encourage investments in catering sector. Social factors: $Westernization: The West has tremendous impact on Indians. The mindset of people today is `to live for the day` attitude. They believe to live in present and not to risk their present for their future. Hence, they believe in spending whatever is earned. $Bandwagon effect: this refers to people aping others either due to their status, power etc. hence, it effectively means that people try to imitate each other so as to prove their superiority. This also affects the spending behavior of consumers. $The Average age of India is around 28 years. Hence, it is said that India is very young at heart whereas average age of China is 33 years. In addition, amount spent by youths (age group 20-35) is more than amount spent by any other age group. Hence, catering/restaurants in fast foods that cater to taste of youths have n% scope of expansion with such a wide consumer base. $Catering is one those few sectors where there is no formal or necessary training required. Like there are no prerequisites except to the fact, the need of capital and to earn fast buck is the need of the day for everybody. $Giffen effect: according to Sir Robert Giffen, when prices of any superior goods fall, people instead of buying low priced substitute tend to offset the decrease by purchasing superior quality goods given the same outlay. And so even though cost of living has increased, earnings capacity has superceded it by many times. And with fierce competition and choices prices have come down. Hence, this psychology makes people go for plush restaurants occasionally offsetting with low quality consumables. $Paradox of Value: it means that items that are of prime importance, without which no one can do are sold at quite low and affordable prices. As water, food etc. are things without which nobody can do. They are of utmost importance and which makes them invaluable but in fact they are the one that are priced the lowest (the necessities). Thus encouraging their consumption and to make it available within everybody’s reach. $There has been a change in peoples attitude toward almost all types of catering For example, the way to a man’s heart is through his stomach. This little bit of advice is being taken very seriously by airlines, Menus are being designed, selected and prepared with both eyes firmly fixed on the customer’s tastes. The traveler of today, it has been realized, no longer accepts what is dished out. He knows what he wants and nothing less than the best will do. Technological factors: The catering industry has various facets where there is direct dependence on the technological advancements: TTemperature controlled environments- the transportation is one of the main aspects of catering services. Often the kitchen and the service delivery site are far and wide away form each other. hence to reach the required food and drinks to the site without deteriorating the quality of the food it is important to maintain a controlled environment. Transporting the food in specially modified carriers or vans, which have a conditioned environment, nowadays does this. TBurners- traditionally the caterers have been using the gas burners and LPG cylinders to fuel them. but now slowly but steadily especially in the five star catering the companies have started using the latest electric burners popularly called Hot Plates. These do not emit any smoke heat or fire. They heat only when come in contact with metal. Hence, they automatically shut down when not in use. TComputer software- the hospital catering is generally an avid user of this technology. There are various software’s in use. hen one feeds in the data or name of a particular food dish in to it, it straight away lists the required ingredients in precise quantity as per the patients calorie intake allowance. Such software’s have made the life of hospital caterers quite easy and accurate. TBesides the above-mentioned specific factors, there are many other small n undetected points, which go often unnoticed. These can be-the dish washers- pressure boilers- electronic weighing machi nes- laser blade knives, etc. These factors together have made the catering industry an up to date 21st century service industry. In addition, the increasing competition has made se of these almost an essential art of business. With this the ease in payment, one can now pay from their cell phones etc have removed all the hassles. PRODUCT MIX LevelType of serviceCatering 1. Basic core productFood and beverages. 2. Expected service Hygiene, taste, banquet services, etc. 3. Augmented service Working as per the customer needs by providing specialties. 4. Potential serviceThe best of the specialties. For e. g. the desserts at Sea princess Product lines: 1. Width: it refers to the number of different services offered by the caterers. For e. g. airlines, railways, hospitals, corporate meetings, etc. 2. Depth: it refers to the variety of services offered. It may differ from sector to sector. For e. g. airlines need the food, which is dry and portable and can be preserved for little linger. Hospitals require nutritious food, which does not affect the health of its patients. Schools provide their students with the balanced diet, etc. thus, the needs change according to different fields. 3. Consistency: it is the relationship maintained between the different services. The ultimate motive of catering is to supply food that is to be consumed by its customers. For e. g. food provided in hospitals, parties, schools are all finally consumed. Classification of catering industry: The catering industry can be divided into three categories 1. Commercial Catering 2. Transport Catering 3. Welfare Catering Commercial Catering: As the name suggests, it is catering for commercial purpose. Another thing that becomes implied is, commercial activities are performed with the aim of making profits. But in present settings, where the customer is the king, it is not possible to make profit at his cost. Customer satisfaction ranks equally with profit making. Two different kinds of Commercial Catering are: Residential Catering Non residential Catering Residential Catering This involves providing food beverage along with accommodation facilities 1. Hotels: they provide for food, beverages and accommodation facilities. And depending upon the type of service offer they can be classified on the basis of stars or on the basis of clientele can be classified as business, transit, etc. 2. Motels- these are situated on the highways and cater mainly to the travelers. The stay of the customers here is generally very short and is mainly during a halt in an overnight road journey. They provide facilities like parking, refueling, garage, along with basic provision for food and beverages and accommodation. . Resorts Spas: they are hotels located at places away from the city mainly at sea side or on hill stations. These resorts are very distinct in off seasons as the places are used more during the holidays. The stay of guests is much longer than those in motels. Eg. Club Mahindra 4. Floatels: Located on floating boats, which provide food, beverages and accommodatio n facilities. According to the size of the floatels the facilities vary. Eg. House boats 5. Guest Houses: the standard of accommodation here is not as good as a hotel or a resort. The services offered are not very professional and the menu is lso not very elaborate. Expenses are much less than other establishments and people who cannot afford to avail the luxuries of hotels or resorts prefer these guesthouses. 6. Lodges: provide only Accommodation facilities. They are generally located near railway stations or near bus stops. 7. Circuit Houses: similar to guest houses but the standard is better. They are generally owned by the State government and are used by the government officials. 8. Youth Hotels: these are necessarily cheaper than hotels. And provide for accommodation though may or may not serve food. Eg. YMCA, YWCA. Non-Residential Catering As the name suggests these provide for food and beverages but not accommodation. 1. Restaurants: Depending on the type of food served they are classified as specialty restaurants . Eg. Chinese, Thai Fast food Mexican or multi cuisine restaurants. Restaurants can be associated with hotels or may be independently present. 2. Bar: these places serve only alcoholic drinks along with light snacks. They may or may not be attached to restaurants or hotels. In India the rules and regulations governing the bar are very strict which limit the scope and working of this place. . Fast Food Outlets: generally independent outlets and deal in food and beverages which can be prepared and consumed quickly. They don’t serve alcoholic drinks. Emphasis is mainly on quick preparation and service. 4. Discotheques: these are business premises, which provide facility for large gathering of people to dance along with music played by the DJ. They may have a small bar in the corn er. However the emphasis here is more on the dance and the music rather than the food items served. 5. Vendors: they are generally present on railway station and provide food and non-alcoholic beverages. They cater mainly to the weaker sections of society. Transport Catering: 1. Railway Catering: In this case pantry cars are attached to the trains where the food is cooked or in most cases catering is done by outside contractors. The Indian Railway mainly did earlier catering only. However private players have been coming in the picture leaving less market for the Indian railway catering. E. g. Recently. Mc Donald’s along with Radha Krishna Hospitality Services Ltd. has bagged the first private railway contract. 2. Marine Catering: This is the catering mainly done for the crew and the passengers. In the modern day the cruise liners have become very known and have a very high standard of catering. They are equipped with facilities like restaurants, bars, discotheques, golf course, swimming pool, laundry, ball rooms, casinos, etc. On theses liners the service reaches its maximum. Apart from different kinds of meals served social activities like parties, dance, etc are also organized to earn good will and provide customer satisfaction. 3. Airline Catering: Today airline catering has reached a high level of sophistication. Unlike earlier where only limited items were listed on the menu, today the menu is much more elaborate. Specialized training is provided to the airhostess and the crew for rendering professional services. Eg. Recently, Ambassador Sky Chief bagged contract in Air India. They are to serve 28,000 meals per week. This is the only caterer that serves meal on the Air India. Welfare Catering: This catering involves catering without profit. Although loss is not the objective either. It is generally out of compulsion or obligation or a legal requirement or charity. 1. Industrial Catering: Carried out in big industrial or manufacturing units. Different levels and types of employees are served in different canteens. The employees contribute very small amount of food cost and are served buffet meals. The company itself may either carry out this catering or the contract may be given to any private body. 2. Institutional Catering: This type of catering is carried out in schools and college canteens or in institutional hostels. Here the price charger to the students is very nominal. This is generally run by the institution itself or sometimes by the students. Very rarely it is given to outside contractors. 3. Service Catering: This is done in jails and in military services where no money is charged at all from the consumers. The food is either cooked in-house or is outsourced. 4 I’S Intangibility oProduct life cycles can be short Unlike manufactured items which tend to a have relatively long product life cycle, service delivery systems often change for example, microwaves cannot be used while catering the customers in the flights, which makes warming up the food a hectic job. On the other hand items of food being perishable commodities tend to have a short life cycle. So, if the food is not preserved properly, it might lead to loss of essential nutrients and thereby making it unable to consume. It is difficult to build brand loyalty This is because in service businesses, copying is very easy. If one caterer decides to come up with a new dish or make a different kind of presentation or some new arrangements, the other caterer copies it within no time. That is why it is necessary to be innovative again and again and come out with new service features. Thus, they have to keep themselves distinguish ing from competitors. At the same time, FOOD is such a commodity that can lead to a lot of service failures if adequate care is not taken to preserve thereby leading to a bad rapo on the part of the customer towards a customer. Example: suppose if, there are 10 functions arranged and of those even if 2 of them are not catered properly, it affects the prospects of other future customers leading to hesitation in giving orders. They might feel there is a lack of authencity in the catering company, though the actual reasons may nary in nature. oCompany reputation is crucial Company reputation is crucial in service businesses because consumers are unable to measure with any accuracy the quality of service they are getting. In the catering industry, what affects the most is the word of mouth. Even if a single fault is spread to other people, the customers perceive that they might probably go through the same. Thus, the number of customers diminishes. Inventory oThere is no buffer from fluctuations in demand Due to the characteristics of services; there are no inventories to buffer fluctuations in demand. Caterers do not prefer to stock up the inventory. Even if they do, it’s for a very short duration because they mainly have to deal with fruits, vegetables, and other food items which are highly perishable. But the caterer should have a good amount of back up so as to meet the demands of their customers. Services do not have inventories that can be used to buffer the imbalances between the supply of products and the demand for products. oBecause there is no decoupling of the various stages of production, planning and control can be complex – they have to be good at forecasting and planning with the help of their past experiences. For example, if more guests turn up in the party than expected, they cannot ask the guests to leave or to stay hungry. All this requires a good back up. The caterer for the purpose of customer satisfaction should meet even the urgent demands. That is a perfect example of how planning and control are so complex when you dont have an inventory to buffer the demand. You cannot tell the customer that there are no seats and that you will put them in an inventory box until tomorrow when the flight arrives. Inconsistency Difficult to establish standards especially with respect to psychological aspects of service It is much easier to define a commercial product than a service offered because all people have different tastes and preferences. Few may stress more on presentation, whereas others might go for much better tastes. Even establishing the specifications is more difficult than it is with a physical product. Hard to ensure standards are being met For the same reason, it is much more difficult to measure whether or not set standards are being met. On each airline flight that you take, you can be treated very differently. Within the same flight you might be treated well at one moment and terribly at another moment. As management, how do you know, other than customers letters, that your customers got the level of service you want to deliver? Quality control in recruiting and training is crucial Quality control, in this context, comes in large part from recruiting and training. If you have a certain part of your service or aspect of your service concept that you are trying to deliver, you have to recruit the right kind of people. If personality is important, you have to get people who have good personalities. If the service is being catered to some wedding, more often the workers are localized. If it ’s some big party, the people are hired from the hotel management institute so the can present well according to the kind of guests. Whereas, if it’s some important corporate meeting the staff who has to serve is owned and not temporary as the need to present and behave well. Have a good knowledge and experience about the quality of service to be provided. Inseparability oSince customers must come to the place where the service is provided, each service facility has a limited geographic area it can serve This is a reality of the service business, unlike a manufacturing business where you can produce a product and ship it around the world. In a service business, it is very difficult to deliver over a distance. For example, if a person is asking Sea princess Mahal for catering a function that is to be held at Bandra, they would recommend Sea princess lands end rather go all the way from Churchgate to Bandra carrying all the necessary equipments. CORE/SUPPLEMENTARY PRODUCTS IN SERVICES Many service products consist of a bundle as it were, that includes a variety of elements and even some physical goods. It is important to distinguish between the core product that the customer buys and the set of supplementary services that often accompany that product. In the Catering Industry the core product is the food offered for a particular event and the supplementary service may include decoration, arrangement of chairs tables etc, the theme, hospitality, etc. Now the decision faced by the firms in planning and configuring the service delivery process a combination of both core and supplementary products are summarized as follows: 1. INFORMATION: Usually first step in service delivery providing information regarding the service, information regarding processes, cost, benefits etc. So in the Catering industry, SEA Princess’s outdoor catering service has been taken as an example. It starts with a phone call, here the customer is informed about the different schemes provided by SEA PRINCESS may be for a lunch, dinner or just a get together etc, information regarding the menu, extra facility if wanted etc. In short he is given an overview of the service, which is going to be provided. 2. CONSULTATION: This is one step further after the customer is informed, the customer requirement is found out and solution development takes place. Continuing with the example of SEA PRINCESS the customer may choose a scheme suitable to him and make the necessary changes regarding menus, themes, decoration, cost etc. 3. ORDER TAKING: This is a specific detailed document includes what the customer has asked for in the form of order, reservation, application. At SEA PRINCESS it is done very systematically. Every customer’s requirement is documented in a MOF (menu order form) that systematically includes items like number of people, venue, menu, beverages, timings, prices (pre-determined), themes, crockery, etc. 4. HOSPITALITY: Indicates – to ensure that their employees treat customers as guests. When SEA PRINCESS goes for outdoor catering, depending upon the number of people attending there are people roaming around asking about the taste of the food, escorting the guests, etc. 5. CARE TAKING – SAFE CUSTODY: Indicates taking good care of customers’ belongings. In catering – it would be, to take care of the health of the guests, so proper hygiene to be maintained while preparing, heating, serving, the food and also the venue which belongs to the customer should be taken proper care of. . EXCEPTIONS: Indicates doing things for the consumers that are not normally undertaken in the normal course of service may be special requests, problem solving, complaints handling etc. Giving an example the order for outdoor catering in SEA PRINCESS is to be done before 48 hours of the events but for regular customers or at emergency situation, the order a day before is also undertak en with the same kind of quality at times at the same cost. 7. BILLING: Providing a detailed billing to educate customers regarding description of the payments that have to be made. SEA PRINCESS provides a detailed bill showing cost of each item provided i. e. a self-explanatory bill. 8. PAYMENT: Payment refers to the mode or the method of payment. This has to be pre-decided, keeping in mind – ease to the customer. At SEA PRINCESS they operate in 50:50 ways where 50% of the money in advance and 50% post-service. This ratio may be changed based on the customer is receiving the service. PRICE Kinds of consumers: Knowing the type of customer is as essential as knowing the difference between salt and pepper. Budget consumers: These are the type of consumers who are very cautious of the money they spend on food and prefer economical food. They eat outside more out of necessity than choice. Due to the everyday nature, they prefer light homelike food rather than heavy restaurant food. E. g. : students and employees residing in hostels would fall under this category. The people having long working hours beginning early morning also can be considered as budget customers. Variety seeking consumers: They are those kinds of consumers who frequently visit food joints. As they eat by choice, variety of food is the essence. They may visit a food joint once every week E. g. : a family going out every week would not wish to have the same food on every outing. Wouldn’t it be as monotonous as eating at home? Their basic intention is recreation. College students are another good example. Occasional consumers: They are consumers who hardly eat out or visit restaurants and prefer home made food, due to health or other economical reasons. E. g. : Middle and Old age would fall under this category of consumers as they usually prefer home made food to outside food and occasionally would go visit a restaurant. Also a Lower middle class family could be an occasional consumer for the simple reason that he cannot afford to visit frequent restaurants or eat out. Bulk regular consumers: These are the consumers who generally purchase the raw materials or prepare food in large quantities on a regular basis. There is also the likelihood that these consumers may have entered into a contract with the catering or other enterprise to provide the requirement on a regular basis. E. g. : A vada pav wala may purchase the commodities that he requires in bulk, everyday. This is also typically observed in case of canteens. Even the food in college canteens are prepared in large quantities; making them bulk customers. Bulk occasional consumers: These are the consumers who purchase food in bulk, i. e. in large quantities but in certain special situations or on certain special occasions, like in case of wedding or party orders. Cost-Based Pricing This approach involves setting prices relative to financial costs. The firm should set a price sufficient to recover the full costs- variable, semi variable, and fixed- of producing and marketing a service and then add a sufficient margin to yield the desired level of profit at the predicted sales volume. Service businesses with high fixed costs include those with an expensive physical facility, or a fleet of vehicles, or a network. On the other hand, the variable costs for such businesses of serving one extra customer may be minimal. Under these conditions, managers may feel that they have tremendous pricing flexibility and be tempted to price very low to make an extra sale. Some caterers promote loss leaders, which are services provided at less than full cost to attract customers who will then be tempted to buy profitable service offerings from the same organization. Managers need to keep track of the actual costs associated with loss leaders so that the amount of promotional subsidy is fully understood. However, there can be no profit at the end of the year unless all relevant costs have been recovered. Many service businesses have gone bankrupt by ignoring this fact. Hence, firms that compete on the basis of low prices need to have a very good understanding of their cost structure and of the sales volume needed to break even at particular prices. For example: Sea princess has its profit margin of about 60%. Whereas, a small caterer has about 35% to 40%. The profit margin is decided keeping in mind the reputation as well as the goodwill of the firm. Perceived value pricing: customers are the value maxi misers, within the bounds of search costs and limited knowledge, mobility and income. Customer perceived value is the difference between the prospective customers’ evaluation of all the benefits and all the costs of an offering and the perceived alternatives. Total customers value is the perceived monetary value of the bundle of economic, functional and psychological benefits of costs customer expects from a given market offering. Total customer cost is the bundle of costs customer expect to incurs in evaluating, obtaining, using and disposing of the given market offering. He adds up all the values from the four sources i. e. product, services, personnel, and image. Thus, while pricing its services the firm has to keep in mind the image of its services in the market. Even other aspects such as attributes, benefits, values, culture, personality and the user have to be considered while targeting the customers to whom the services are to be offered as well as while setting the prices. Some basic strategies are: Premium strategy: this is what Sea princess offers i. e. high quality and even charges high for the services offered. Overcharging strategy: in social parties and weddings the caterer offers medium quality of food but charges high price looking at the environment and the kind of people approaching. Medium-value strategy: in railways the services offered are of medium quality and even the price charged is m oderate keeping in mind the status of the travelers which is not so high. Good-value strategy: in this case, the quality of service is moderate whereas, the price charged is quiet low. This kind of strategy is mostly seen in college and school canteens so that it becomes affordable for the students. Economy strategy: here the quality as well as price both is low. It is mainly seen in shops, which are on streets such as jhunka bhakar, etc. Product TypeCustomer TypePricing Strategy Hotels Occasional Premium MotelsBudgetEconomy Resorts and SpasOccasional Premium Lodges/Guest HousesBudgetEconomy HostelsBudgetGood-value Restaurants, Bars, Discotheques Occasional/ Variety seeking Premium Fast food jointsOccasional/ Variety seeking Overcharging VendorsBudgetEconomy RailwaysBudgetGood-value AirlinesOccasional Industrial BudgetEconomy InstitutionalBudgetGood-value ServiceBudgetEconomy ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE AT SEA PRINCESS Organizational chart Catering office Banquet sales officeOperations office HeadPurchasePublic relationsF B MangerManagerManager Assistants Head waitersChefs StewardsAssistants, Helpers Unskilled employees PROMOTION Through promotion, marketers inform existing or prospective customers about service features and benefits, price and other costs, the channels through which the service is delivered, and when and where it is available. In catering business, generally, the caterers or entrepreneurs do not follow aggressive marketing strategy. A general rule of the thumb in catering is that, the more customized your catering services, the lesser is the aggressiveness of the marketing strategy. for instance, it is the least aggressive in off-premise catering. The target market from various sources can receive this information. Diagram on promotion Messages Transmitted Through Production Channels: In this category, communications are developed within the organization and transmitted through the production channels used to deliver the service itself. Front-line staff: In catering services, employees in front-line position, i. e. wait staff serve the customers directly. They promote services of the organization through excellence in service delivery, technical knowledge. Service outlets: Both planned and unintended messages reach the customers through the medium of service outlet and environment created. In catering business, factors like hygiene, etc promote the organization. Messages Transmitted Through Marketing Channels: In catering business, very few well established catering firms like fast foods chain, etc, undertake these tools of promotion. Advertising: In catering business, advertising is done through Print media and Websites. a. Print: Publicizing the achievements of your service organization, like the chef winning some award. Restaurants can offer to provide recipe columns to newspaper publications. If the offer is accepted, you have a medium, which is effectively saying that yours must be a good product otherwise it wouldn’t be allowed to be a part of the publication. b. Direct Mail: Local Restaurants use direct mail to provide â€Å"flyers† and â€Å"take-away menus† for home delivery services in the neighborhood area market. This provides local market coverage at low cost. c. Website: Nowadays, the catering firms have their own websites to promote their services. Sales Promotion: The objective of sales promotion is to accelerate the purchasing decision or motivate customers to use the service sooner. a. Sampling: This is generally used in function catering, whether held in banquet halls or off-premise. b. Coupons: local restaurants use this. For example, restaurant gave special discount coupons to the winners of COLOSSEUM. c. Sponsorship: d. Special offer: offerings that encourage customers to persuade others to join them in using the service. For example, â€Å"Bring two friends and the third person eats free†. e. Gifts: McDonalds give gifts on the purchase of â€Å"Happy Meal† pack. Messages Originating Outside The Organization: Some of the powerful messages about a company and its product come from outside the organization and is uncontrollable by the organization. Word-of-mouth: Robert Lewis, professor at Geulph University, has observed that someone who purchases a service may go away empty-handed but not empty-headed. They have memories, which can be shared with others. It is the job of service provider to make these memories as pleasant as possible. In off-premise catering, word-of-mouth is the most important means of marketing. As it is viewed to be more credible than those initiated by the firm are. Media Editorial: Media coverage initiated by broadcasters and publishers. Many magazines and newspapers employ restaurants critics to evaluate restaurants for their reader. Food guide books give details of different eating places in different places and rate them on the quality of food, service menu, surroundings and price PLACE Decisions on where to deliver service have a great impact on the nature of customer’s service experience because they determine the type of encounter, if any, with service personnel, price and other cost incurred to obtain the service. Thus, product can have an effect upon the location of any kind of restaurant and vice-versa. Elements to be considered before deciding the location of distribution outlet: a)Socio-economic status and spending power of the local residents. b)Customer’s age group c)Eating out habits. (frequent / occasional ) )Ethnic origins of the local population. e)Customer’s self-perception (adventurous/ conservative attitude toward food) f)Proximity to competitor’s outlets. g)Accessibility h)Real estate costs. Thus, we can say that choosing the right location has a lot to do with the success of a restaurant. Decision regarding location in off-premise catering is not a matter of concern for the caterer. In catering business, the fast food or quick service outlets should be built in a central location where there are crowds of people 24hours of day. This is a major reason why this joint are found near the railway stations, sub-ways, etc. The best location for a high-class restaurant is in a selected area of town, in a mansion or stately home where it is a part of the attraction. For example, Mumbai branches of hotels like Taj, Oberoi, JW Marriot are all located along the seashore, giving it a beautiful view of the sea, Mumbai being the city of seven islands. Coffee-shops, snack-bars etc are usually do well at transport interchanges, movie theatres, department stores and hypermarkets. PEOPLE In high – contact services like catering, personnel is central to service delivery. Their presence makes the service more tangible and in sometimes more personalized. Thus, from the firm’s perspective, service staff are crucially important, as the service levels and the way service ids delivered, can be an important source of differentiation as well as competitive advantage. From the customer’s perspective, the encounter with the service staff is an important aspect of service, and based on this encounter, the customer judge the performance of the service. Hire the right people: In catering services, it is an important stage due to its high contact nature. But, selecting the right kind of staff who are good at customer service can be difficult. Talking about catering business, the first job that comes to our mind is cooking / chef. But that is not the case. The kitchen staff covers a)Head Chef (chef de cuisine) b)Assistant Head Chef (sous chef) c)Pastry Cook (chef patissier) d)Fish Cook (chef poissonier) e)Roast Cook (chef rotisseur) f)Vegetable Cook (chef entremettier) g)Soup Chef (chef potager) The dinning room staff covers: )Restaurant Manager b)Head Waiter c)Reception Head Waiter d)Station Waiter e)Commis Waiter f)Wine-waiting Staff. The number of staff is determined by the operation and can be scaled down to suit all types and sizes of kitchen. The personnel officer or manager of a catering business must know the qualities to look for when recruiting new staff. Staff must be selected on their capabilities or potential for the particular post. Those who have to deal directly with customers must possess the necessary social skills as well as the practical skills of the job. Employees working at the front of the house, which includes waiting and reception, should be selected for their personality, appearance on duty, stance and body language, use of eye-contact, facial expression, composure and manner of speech. The intuition of the personnel manager can be backed up by a psychometric test and the candidate’s reference from school, college or previous employer as well as the keenness of the applicant to get the job. Catering enterprises recruit staff for the entry level positions from the Hotel Management Institute and other institutes providing courses in catering business. These recruits have knowledge about the practices and routines involved in catering. Function caterers rely mainly on on-call staff rather than permanent part-time or full-time people due to the unpredictability of business and constantly changing workload. Enable the people: In catering, it mostly on-the-job training for their particular operation by utilizing the skills and knowledge of their own supervisory members of the staff who are capable of giving instructions on the company’s methods and policies. Some have a philosophy of encouraging the staff to become more accomplished by positive encouragement and the prospect of incentives to staff that show a willingness to increase their capabilities. Some establishments will give support to staff that wishes participate in national and local competition. Senior staff may be sent on a visit or tour of other establishments in other countries where they can gather ideas for new techniques and new dishes. There are several commercial firms of trainers who offer their own tailor-made courses to various grades of staff employed in a catering business. Such courses aim to increase the capabilities of all members of staff from waiter to middle-rank manager. They are on the client’s premises or at the training firm’s own school. The courses are conducted by experienced trainers who are capable of drawing out better results from staff, whether new recruits or long-serving hands taking a refresher course. The aims are to widen the horizons of each member of staff, to give pride in their job, to boost morale, and make them more effective at their job. For example, New York city’s Yippee offers training programs at two skill levels. The first is a basic program that conveys elementary information and traditions about table service; this basic course is suitable for new recruits. The other programs are more advanced in nature, designed to enhance the skills of experienced professionals who could benefit from coaching on the finer points of table service. Motivate People: Staff performance is a function of ability and motivation. Hiring, training, are nothing but keys to motivation. As a catering manager, one has to motivate and encourage his staff, specially the front line wait staff. As they may be facing a high level of emotional labor. Emotional labor arises from the discrepancy between the way frontline staff feel inside and the emotions they are expected to be cheerful, compassionate, sincere, or even self-effacing: (emotions that can be conveyed through facial expressions and gestures and words). In the event they don’t feel such emotions, they are required to suppress their true feelings in order to conform to customer expectations. Performance incentive can also be provided to stimulate their competitive nature. For example, employee of the month, appraising the chef for coming up with innovative dishes. ESSENTIAL SKILLS REQUIRED FOR RUNNING A CATERING SERVICE. a)Competency in cooking and food preparation: A high degree of skill in cooking as well as ease, efficiency and speed in food preparation are the most important pre-requisites for a successful small caterer. b)Planning and organization: A high degree of skill is required in planning and organizing of off-premise catering. Some areas of catering demand only a modest amount of these skills: industrial catering with a mobile kitchen, large-event catering are relatively simple to conduct. But off-premise catering compels to plan and organize for each event. )Efficiency: In catering, it is essential that the food that the guests are waiting for arrives at their table as quickly as possible. Preparation time must be kept to a minimum and only a high degree of efficiency can achieve this. d)Ability to work under pressure: To be a caterer, one must be able to live with and work under pressure and not show it. Nothing is predictable du ring an event. The guests at each one are completely different, they prefer different food, eat different portions and interact with the wait staff completely differently. )Skill in problem solving and crisis management: Off-premise catering is bound to have unexpected problems. When so much equipment, food, drink, staff and peripherals must be transported and set up for a complex event , problems will crop up at times. f)Ability to deal with clients confidently and successfully: One has to deal with the clients personally most of the time. The personal interaction with the client decides whether there will be any future business from him. DESIRABLE SKILLS: a)Well-developed marketing and selling techniques. )Good record and bookkeeping skills for administrative chores. c)Ability to deal with staff. d)Solid financial and budgeting skills. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE Ambience: Those characteristics of the environment pertain to our five senses. The ambience atmosphere is composed of several des ign elements and details that have to work together to create the desired service environment. The resulting atmosphere creates a mood that is perceived and interpreted by the customer. a). Flavour: In catering services flavour of food is very important. This is one of most crucial criteria against which the service is judged. Playing pleasant music cannot compensate a customer’s disappointment with food quality of the catering establishment. Success of the caterer depends on this factor. The basic flavor (sour/ bitter/ salty/ sweet/ pungent) of a dish comes from the main ingredient, which can be enhanced or diminished by adding seasonings and flavors but should not be entirely baked. b). Visual Environment: Color plays a big part in creation of atmosphere and contributes to the â€Å"feel good† factor, which helps put the customers at ease in a restaurant. There must be a perfect blend of colors including the surrounding walls and windows, carpet and curtains, lampshades, pot plants and floral arrangements, the table and chairs, etc,. Cool blue and green colours give a feeling of relaxation, while warm yellow gives a more stimulating feeling. This is why fast-food outlets are decorated in warm, light colours, which help speed up the rate of turnover. In case of a up market restaurant, deep colours give a sense of warmth and security. Lighting is also important in creating atmosphere and includes natural light from windows and doorways. There are recommended lighting levels for the various sections of a dining room and kitchen, depending on their size and use. Many different kinds of lamp bulbs are available, each giving a particular effect, which can help, create the desired atmosphere of a room. Candles are used-to create a cozy environment, especially for evening meals and special occasions. The overall requirement is to make the room look inviting, to help customers look their best, and to enable them to read the menu easily. Emergency lighting is obligatory in case an inci-dent occurs that demands a hasty exit or in the event of a power failure. ). Auditory Environment: Sound is an essential element in the creation of atmosphere in a dining-room, because it can give customers a feeling of belonging and of participation in the activities. Silence makes the room feel eerie and loud noises such as a dish or piece of cutlery accidentally dropped by waiting staff will cause consternation. The pleasant hum of convers ation, however, can add to the mood of the dining room. Staff should be taught to work quietly and not to engage in idle chatter between one another or to start up a conversation with the guests. Background music such as piano or tape might be suitable for the venue. d). Thermal Environment: Customers will enjoy their meal more if the temperature of the restaurant is just right. All public areas should be kept at a constant room temperature using unobtrusive air-conditioning. This will provide comfortable conditions. e). Scent: An ambient smell is the one that pervades in the environment. The presence of scent can have a strong impact on our mood and thus influence our buying decision. In catering business, aroma of food is a very crucial factor. After a customer has looked at the colour of the food placed on the table, it is the aroma that takes over and excites the appetite. For example, many restaurants like to serve garlic bread as an appetizer. It works very well for cafes, pizzerias. Menu: On entering a catering establishment of any kind, a customer looks at the menu to see what dishes are available and at what prices, and from this information decides what to choose. A caterer views the menu as an outward expression of the business. It demonstrates how professional the people who run the business are. A menu is the â€Å"modus operandi† of catering business which it has to work from. A menu is the means of communication between the caterer and customer and therefore must be written in the language they speak and understand. French, being the international language of cookery, top hotels use French names and terms in their menu, usually with a description written underneath each entry. In catering business, whether restaurants or off-premise, a menu should be compiled, bearing in mind the following points: a)The sequence of courses (starters, main course, dessert) b)Suitability of dishes. )Selection of dishes and balance of meu. d)Capability of staff e)Availability of equipment. f)Season of the year. g)Availability of resources. Layout: In catering, the planning of layout is often advisable to work backwards, starting not at the goods delivery bay but at the customer’s entrance and dining room. This is the first place the customer sees and is the main revenue producin g area. It is essential to know the total area available and approximate amount of space to be allocated to each component part, like kitchen, stores, and other ancillary areas, in addition to the dining room. Ideally, the kitchen, dining-room, bars and ancillary areas should be located on the same floor so that communication and movement of food, beverages and personnel between them is easy. The physical layout should reflect: a. Needs and demands of customers. b. Policy of the firm. c. The menu and its range of products. (products and techniques of service and presentation. ) d. The nature of establishment. In off-premise catering, the caterer has to customize the layout for every event in accordance to the space available. His floor plan should include the smallest of details like where to place the floral displays. Equipments: In catering business, a large part of the investment is in the form of equipments, which include both fixed and mobile items. Equipments need will vary depending on the type of operation. Large-scale cost sector catering operations work to a fairly restricted menu. Thus, needing equipments suitable for bulk cooking. Commercial firms offer a fairly wide range of dishes and therefore work with small-scale equipment. These include: a. Kitchen equipments: heavy-duty or fixed equipment like the cooking range, etc. general kitchen machinery used for chopping, cutting, mixing like mixer, food processor, etc. Small kitchen equipment like pans and moulds, cutting instruments, other utensils, etc. b. Dining-Room Equipment: furniture like tables, chairs, etc. crockery, glassware, cutlery, serving dishes, linen, floor coverings. Staff Dress Code: Now a day, in catering business, staff dress code is becoming a necessity. The more formal the catering business is, the more dressed up the staff should be. For example, in a cafe or pizzeria the staff would probably have particular colour combination to be used as uniform. While in a high-class restaurant, the wait staff will probably be dressed in a tuxedo. To foster a neat appearance of frontline staff, mirrors can be placed where staff can be automatically check their appearance before going â€Å"on stage† to meet customers. In off-premise catering, the client appreciates having uniformed staff serve, as it looks more professional and businesslike. Before taking off for an event, it is important to make sure that everyone’s uniform and appearance is acceptable. A sample dress code in a catering business, would include: ?Black trouser or skirt. ?White tux shirt. ?Black shoes (clean and shiny) ?Hair pulled back (neat and clean) ?No large or dangly earrings. ?No earrings for men. Black socks for men. ?Conservative make-up. ?Well-kept hands (nails short and clean) Customer Amenities: A good restaurant should offer facilities other than the room where meals are taken: reception area, cloakroom for men and women and foyer for waiting. Cloakroom and toilet facilities must be kept clean and secure at all times; many customers j udge an establishment by the quality of these facilities. PROCESS FLOW OF SERVICE MAPPING SERVICE MAPPING DIAGRAM.. The Services Process MAPPING displays the activities you may need to execute to achieve successful implementation and in-service management of your services program. These activities are intended as guides for consideration as you plan your services program. They are structured for a services program in which the prime services contractor will provide all human resources, ancillary equipment, and all space and facility modifications. The moments of truth for an outdoor event are three times greater than for an event held in, say, a ballroom, Among the forces that can literally rain on your parade: bad weather, high winds, local laws, bugs and power shortages, to name a few. The key to a successful outdoor event, is to map out every detail and potential problem prior to the event. Its easy to figure out whats right about the spot, but our job is to find out whats wrong or could go wrong. And while it might seem cheaper to head for a park instead of a hotel ballroom, thats hardly the case. Outdoor functions almost always ending up being more expensive than traditional ones, CUSTOMER AND BANQUET MANAGER INTERACTION PRESENT MENU AND OTHER FACILITIE S DICUSSION WITH CATERING CHEF AND PLACING ORDER HEAD CHEF INDENTS REQUISTION HOUSEKEEPING AND FEEDBACK SERVED TO GUESTS SERVE IN CHAUFFIN PLATES AND DELIVERED TO BANQUET GETTING REQUISTION TO KITCHEN AND PREPARE FOOD. Blue printing for banquet services The First Date (service encounter) STAGE 1 A popular mantra in the catering business is How can I make it happen for you? For most, this isnt an empty statement. A caterer worth his or her salt (and all the other spices in the spice rack) stands firmly behind this phrase. After you make contact with a catering firm, the caterers first job is to figure out what you want and decide how their company can create it for you. This process usually begins with a client-caterer meeting sort of like a first date. Whether it happens during the initial phone call or a scheduled appointment, the client services representative wants to get as much information as they can to help them prepare a proposal for you. The way client is treated would effect the perception of the person towards the company. Should essentially connect you to the right person immediately -The receptionist would be pleasant and helpful -The official will give an immediate date for meeting. As a client, you should be ready to answer these questions: What is the proposed date and time of the event? Is this a social or professional function? Do you have a general budget in mind? How many guests will attend? Have you selected a venue or setting? Of course, depending on the type of function, other questions can (and should) come into conversation. Keep in mind that this initial discussion is critical because it will be the backbone of the cater ers proposal. So, if you have certain ideas in mind, you need to be as explicit as possible. This whats in the clients minds-eye is the most important thing to discover. What is their favorite kind of food? Do they like formal or informal functions? When they entertain, what are their gatherings like? Do they prefer small or large groups? What do your parents like to do in their spare time? Whats their favorite vacation destination? Moments of truth: What is a moment of truth? It is any episode or event in which the customer gets an impression of the builders products, service or people. Nothing is neutral about a moment of truth. It leaves a positive or negative impression on the customers mind. Moments of truth can build or destroy trust and confidence in the minds of prospects and homeowners. Moments of truth can and often do dictate buying decisions. Moments of truth become word-of-mouth advertising. The key is to ensure that every moment of truth is a positive one for the customer. Each encounter you or an employee has with a customer is a moment of truth. The customers perception (reality) of your company is formed by every encounter. To deliver superior customer service, every encounter must result in a positive experience for your customer. For example, every time the phone rings at your business, it is a moment of truth. Are your customers/prospects greeted with a cheerful, professional and efficient handling of their call? How each call is handled provides one of the most opportune moments of truth for you to make a positive impact and help customers feel good about doing business with you and your company. The Proposal (STAGE 2) The foundation of a proposal is the information gathered during an initial inquiry or meeting with the prospective client: type of event date time guest count venue favorite foods or menu ideas Armed with these guidelines, the caterer can build a detailed proposal that includes the actual menu, beverages, an itemized listing for equipment rental, the staff requirements and any necessary food or beverage taxes. How much it will cost him for extra facilities and main course. Cost per person is being given to him. Then host and banquet manager, executive chef sit together and decide upon a menu. After menu had being compiled, details are filled in banquet catering checklist. When planning a proposal, caterers generally consider several other factors in addition to the basic information. For example, the CATERING staff usually knows that their social clients usually eat less food (18-22 bites think bite-sized candy bar or an orange wedge, an average sized bite of food) than their corporate clients (22-28 bites). The time of day and length of an event can also dictate how much food you need. A party held right after work, during cocktail hour, say from 5:00 to 7:00 p. m. could center around hors doeuvres and other light fare because the guests will probably have plans for dinner after the reception. Other menu planning considerations include: Balanced menu a standard menu should include a balance of two proteins (meat, poultry or seafood), one vegetable and one starch (pasta, rice or potatoes). Courses for seated dinners with multiple courses, each course should complement the next and there should be some variety. Buffets the number of buffet stations corresponds to the number of guests. A good rule of thumb is one buffet per 75 guests. If the guest list is large , say 750 or more, you can increase the number of guests per buffet ratio to one buffet per 100 guests. When the proposal is ready, the caterer gives it to the client for his or her perusal. After the client accepts the proposal, the caterer schedules another meeting to discuss the decor and layout and to plan a detailed timeline of the event. Making Plans (STAGE 3) Caterers and other event planners today have many useful tools to assist them in planning the perfect event. One product, called Room Viewer, automates the process of drawing up floor plans for events and parties. Whether indoors or out, no matter the shape or specs of the room, blue printing helps the caterers utilize the space to its best potential. Meeting Planners Facilities Managers Caterers Special Event Planners Rental Companies Production and Audio Visual Companies Blue print lay out an entire function, from the buffet tables to seating arrangements to floral displays. Not only does it help in the planning phase, but its useful during the execution of the project, too. Caterers can make printouts showing exactly where everything should go (even down to the placement of utensils) so the catering staff will have a precise map of the event. These blue prints are especially helpful when caterers work with outside vendors, such as equipment rental companies that supply everything from tables and chairs to linen and china. Each vendor is given a printed diagram of the event plan to use for planning and setup. The staff required for this purpose is: 1 Coordinator per event 1 Supervisor per event 1 Buffet Attendant per buffet / station 1 Runner per buffet / station 1 Kitchen Manager per buffet station Stewards n wa