History and the Concept of Hypno-Psychotherapy

History and the Concept of Hypno-Psychotherapy Analyse the history of the profession of hypno-psychotherapy in terms of what information is useful for your practice Historically, hypnotherapy in its broadest sense has been viewed with scepticism and mistrust. However, with the additive value of integrative clinical frameworks, it has re-emerged as a credible, evidence based application for conditions, diverse as, obstetric complications (Hammond Brown 2007) and neurosis (Barnett 1989). Early Development The first definition for hypnotherapy was coined by James Braid, a Scottish physician who it is claimed, first discovered hypnosis in 1841, and subsequently developed the discipline of hypnotherapy; following several observations of Mesmerist demonstrations. Although Braid conceded that genuine physiological responses were evoked from the subjects, these failed to meet the criteria for supernatural or magnetic force. After several months of observation, Baird concluded that the evoked responses were a result of commonplace psychological and physiological processes such as, focused attention, suggestion and relaxation. In imposing a character to the observed form of Hypnosis, Braid was fortified with a credible universal explanation, which marked a critical departure from the Mesmeric interpretation. Braid afforded the phenomena an alternative term of expression by calling it Neurypnology and later abbreviating to hypnology from where the modern day term hypnotism is derived (Waterfield 2002). More notably, Braid later reviewed his theory and abandoned the notion that hypnosis was a specific neurological state, in favour of the theory that it was the fixation of consciousness on a single idea or object (mono-ideation) Hypnoanalysis Besides its founder, an influential pioneer of hypnotherapywas Professor Bernheim who popularised the view that hypnosis is a state ofheightened suggestibility. Sigmund Freud briefly studied with Bernheim and developed hypnosis as a vehicle for regression and catharsis. However, years after abandoning hypnosis for psychoanalysis, Freud returned to the subject of hypnotherapy, suggesting that it might be necessary to integrate the methods of hypnotherapy with the findings of psychoanalysis to develop a briefer and more powerful form oftreatment. This development led to the school of â€Å"Hypnoanalysis†. Considering this integration, I can clearly see the value of hypnoanalysis for those clients, who seek help for harmful behavioural patterns emanating from past events. Barnett (1989) offers a cogent argument why Hypnoanalysis should be part of the integrative toolkit by stating that a strictly ‘here and now’ approach would be inadequate, when the client’s i ssues are deeply rooted in the past and their subjective reasons, far outweigh the external pressures to change. Behaviourism Hypnosis Despite its perceived limitations in psycho-analysis, by 1930 Hypnotism had attracted research interest from the behaviourists. Hull (1933) developed the first extensive systematic investigation of hypnosis using quantitative experimental methods. Moreover, Hull was ostensibly interested in the behavioural consequences of hyper-suggestibility which he reduced to a simple stimulus-response mechanism. In Hulls literature review (despite uncovering theoretical bias and interpretative variation), he discovered a fundamental communality; that the hypnotic trance yielded a heightened susceptibility to suggestion. Hull’s simple conceptualisation possesses worth for my future practice with children; in creating a heightened state of suggestibility to address behavioural problems . Indeed, in my present therapeutic work, it has been my observation that children who present with emotional and behavioural problems are particular mistrustful and resistant to change (even when presented fo r the better). By adopting a child centred -behavioral integration, under light trance conditions, I can help the child deal with situations in a positive manner by enabling relaxation, focusing attention and stabilising mood to gain improvements in self efficacy leading to more productive relationships with teachers, parents, and peers. Ericksonian Hypnotherapy Milton Erickson was strongly influenced by Hull when he was a student at Winsconsin University. This encounter changed the course of Erickson’s life. Erickson’s emulated Hull’s tireless dedication to advancing our theoretical understanding, thus propelling hypno-psychotherapy into the 20th century, whilst instrumentally shedding its skin of superstition, Erickson characterised the hypnotic trance and thus defining it (for the purpose of conceptualisation) as an increased awareness and responsiveness to ideas (Erickson Rossi 1979) . In terms of preparing myself for practice, I am particularly drawn to his writings as he clearly posits his occupation in the person (and the primary feature of suggestibility). A resonating comparison, concerns the stark contrast in motivation between Freud and Erickson. Unlike Freud, Erickson was never interested in building an edifice of psychological theory and fit his clients to the theory. Erickson was solely concerned with empathically responding to the unique physical and psychological landscape of the individual Although appreciative to Freud’s valuable contribution to psycho-analysis, I am instinctually drawn to Erickson’s ingenious strategies (using humour and beguiling narratives) to alleviate the onerous burden of change incumbent on the client. Despite, concerns regarding Erickson’s morality, he remains unparalleled in his contribution to the advancement of Hypnotherapy and our understanding of the ways in which we can heal psychological and physical pain. Towards Integration In my quest to become an integrative hypno-psychotherapist, I will employ the behavioural, psycho-analytical and Ericksonian approaches both singularly and combined. For instance, a middle aged man who expresses a pattern of creating unpleasant arguments with his much adored wife ( due to his baseless insecurities) may need to access the cause, to be able to take responsibility for its effects. Therefore, he may need to first explore the origins of these destructive patterns through regression before he will accept suggestions for more emotionally productive ways of behaving. Ultimately I would see myself as not only helping this client resolve old hurts, but in broadening his capacity for positive marital experiences in the future and accomplish the life that he desires. References Barnet E.A. (1989) Analytical Hypnotherapy. Principles and Practice. New York. Westwood Publishing Erickson, M.L Rossi E.L (1979) Hypnotherapy. An Exploratory Casebook. New York. Irvington Hammond C D,C. Brown (2007) Intl. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 55(3): 355–371, Hull C.L. (1933) Hypnosis and Suggestibility. An Experimental Approach. Williston. Appleton Century Crofts Inc., Waterfield R. (2002) The History of Hypnosis. London. Macmillan

Great poets Essay

Geoffrey Chaucer is known as the father of Englsih poetry and is recognized as one of the world’s great poets. His life, work and writing reveal him as one of the most influential writes in Middle Age history. His poems and stories have flourished throughout history and are still recognized today. â€Å"Chaucer’s language is barely accessible to readers today and need frequent glossing to be intelligible. Nevertheless, Chaucer stands as a great poet, one of the finest of any era to write in English† (Hussey 152). â€Å"The known details of Chaucer’s life are sketchy at best† (Ross1). He was born in London to a wine merchant named John Chaucer sometime between 1340-1344. â€Å"We do not known exactly when he was born. At a trial in 1386 at which he was a witness, he confessed to be then ‘forty years old and more,’ so that it is usual to put his birth about 1453† (Hussey153). Chaucer was born into a middle class family where he received a superb education at one of London’s finest schools and probably studied law (Damrosch 272). Some of his influences in writing include Dante Alighieri and Boccaccio. The first known record of Chaucer is 1357 when he became a page in the household of Price Lionel. He later served under the army of Edward III in France where he was held for ransom and later released after his ransom was paid. This payment of ransom by Edward III shows just how important he had become to the king’s service at such a young age (Ross1). â€Å"Between the ages of about fifteen and twenty-three the mind has a special resilience-what we learn then seems to go deeper and stay longer. Chaucer spent these years learning the amenities of the noble life and the brutal arts of medieval warfare†¦ â€Å"(Howard 41). In 1369, he composed his first important poem, The Book of Duchess, in memory of his patron’s wife who died of the black plague. He began work on The Canterbury Tales, quite possibly his most famous work, about 1387 and wanted each of his pilgrimages to tell four tales. However he was only able to write twenty-three stories before his death. In 1366 Chaucer is believed to have married his wife Philippa after his father’s death and his mother’s remarriage. â€Å"Chaucer made an advantageous marriage, although he may already have been regarded as a coming young man (Hussey154). Geoffrey and his wife may have had up to four children, but the records of his family have little detail and are somewhat mysterious. The records do however show that these four people were relatives of Geoffrey and Philippa, but whether of not they were his children remains a mystery. In 1367, he was awarded the first of many recognitions for his service in the king’s court. On April 23, 1374, he was granted the promise of a daily pitcher of wine. He was appointed justice of the peace in Kent in 1385, and he later became a Parliament. Throughout the rest of his life he remained in the king’s service. On several he was sent all over as the king’s ambassador (Elements of Literature 1). Chaucer was a fairly important government servant. Although today he is thought of almost entirely for his poetry, back in the Middle Ages, his work was much more important than his writings (Elements of Literature 1). He had many jobs in the royal service including the comptroller of the customs for the port of London and an esquire to the royal court. He carried on many other governmental duties as well that proves his importance and dedication to the kings. Middle English is a form of English used in England from around the time of Norman conquest until around 1500. The main difference between Middle English and the English we use today is the pronunciation of long vowels. The short vowels are generally the same. The following chart helps understand the pronunciation of long vowels.

The Indisputable Truth About Term Paper Writing Help Online That Nobody Is Telling You

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